Julianne Holt-Lunstad

Education and Career

Julianne acquired her BSc in Psychology in 1994 from BYU. She continued her studies at BYU, where she obtained an MSc in Psychology in 1996. Julianne earned her Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Utah in 2001.

After finishing her postgraduate studies, Julianne joined BYU’s Department of Psychology, where she continues her career as a professor of Psychology and Neuroscience. She also runs the Social Connections and Health Research Laboratory there.

Julianne also works as an adjunct professor at Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute at the Swinburne University of Technology. She is the founding Scientific Chair for the US Coalition to End Social Isolation and Loneliness and the Foundation for Social Connection.

Grants and Awards

• 2013 — George A. Miller Award Issued by American Psychological Association
• 2013 — Marjorie Pay Hinkley Endowed Chair Research Award
• 2010 — Citation Award for Excellence in Research by the Society of Behavioral Medicine

Research

Dr. Holt-Lunstad’s research interests focus on the long-term health effects of social connection. She investigates the impact of social isolation and loneliness on early mortality. Julianne implies a multi-level approach to understanding how social relationships are associated with long-term health outcomes, what factors may affect the association, and the biological pathways through which these associations occur. 

Publications

Julianne Holt-Lunstad is the author of numerous journal articles. Check out the complete list of her publications below.

• Xu, X., Mishra, G. D., Holt-Lunstad, J., & Jones, M. (2023, January). Social relationship satisfaction and accumulation of chronic conditions and multimorbidity: a national cohort of Australian women. General Psychiatry, 36(1), e100925. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2022-100925
• Holt-Lunstad, J., & Perissinotto, C. (2023, January 19). Social Isolation and Loneliness as Medical Issues. New England Journal of Medicine, 388(3), 193–195. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp2208029
• Lim, M. H., Qualter, P., Thurston, L., Eres, R., Hennessey, A., Holt-Lunstad, J., & Lambert, G. W. (2022). A Global Longitudinal Study Examining Social Restrictions Severity on Loneliness, Social Anxiety, and Depression. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 818030. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.818030
• Holt-Lunstad. (2022, January). Positive Social Connection: A Key Pillar of Lifestyle Medicine. The Journal of Family Practice, 71 (1 Suppl Lifestyle). https://doi.org/10.12788/jfp.0245
• Holt-Lunstad, J., & Steptoe, A. (2022, February). Social isolation: An underappreciated determinant of physical health. Current Opinion in Psychology, 43, 232–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.07.012
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Perissinotto, CM. (2022). Isolation in the Time of Covid: What is the True Cost, and How Will we Know? American Journal of Health Promotion, 36(2), 380-382. doi:10.1177/08901171211064223
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2022, April 5). Social Connection as a Public Health Issue: The Evidence and a Systemic Framework for Prioritizing the “Social” in Social Determinants of Health. Annual Review of Public Health, 43(1), 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-110732
• Santoro, N. F., Coons, H. L., El Khoudary, S. R., Epperson, C. N., Holt-Lunstad, J., Joffe, H., Lindsey, S. H., Marlatt, K. L., Montella, P., Richard-Davis, G., Rockette-Wagner, B., Salive, M. E., Stuenkel, C., Thurston, R. C., Woods, N., & Wyatt, H. (2022, May). NAMS 2021 Utian Translational Science SymposiumSeptember 2021, Washington, DCCharting the path to health in midlife and beyond: the biology and practice of wellness. Menopause, 29(5), 504–513. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0000000000001995
• Holt-Lunstad, J., & Lefler, M. (2021). Social Integration. Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, 4577–4586. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22009-9_646
• Lim, M. H., Qualter, P., Hennessey, A., Smith, B. J., Argent, T., & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2021, August 5). A randomised controlled trial of the Nextdoor Kind Challenge: a study protocol. BMC Public Health, 21(1).  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11489-y
• Holt-Lunstad, J., & Steptoe, A. (2022, February). Social isolation: An underappreciated determinant of physical health. Current Opinion in Psychology, 43, 232–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.07.012
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2021, June). The Major Health Implications of Social Connection. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(3), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721421999630
• Smith, T. B., Workman, C., Andrews, C., Barton, B., Cook, M., Layton, R., Morrey, A., Petersen, D., & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2021, May 18). Effects of psychosocial support interventions on survival in inpatient and outpatient healthcare settings: A meta-analysis of 106 randomized controlled trials. PLOS Medicine, 18(5), e1003595.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003595
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2021, May 6). Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors: The Power of Social Connection in Prevention. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 15(5), 567–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276211009454
• Holt-Lunstad J. (2021). A pandemic of social isolation?. World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association, 20(1), 55–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20839
• O’Sullivan, R., Burns, A., Leavey, G., Leroi, I., Burholt, V., Lubben, J., Holt-Lunstad, J., Victor, C., Lawlor, B., Vilar-Compte, M., Perissinotto, C. M., Tully, M. A., Sullivan, M. P., Rosato, M., Power, J. M., Tiilikainen, E., & Prohaska, T. R. (2021, September 23). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Loneliness and Social Isolation: A Multi-Country Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 9982.  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18199982.
• Lutz, J., Van Orden, K. A., Bruce, M. L., & Conwell, Y. (2021, August). Social Disconnection in Late Life Suicide: An NIMH Workshop on State of the Research in Identifying Mechanisms, Treatment Targets, and Interventions. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(8), 731–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2021.01.137
• Kotwal, A. A., Holt‐Lunstad, J., Newmark, R. L., Cenzer, I., Smith, A. K., Covinsky, K. E., Escueta, D. P., Lee, J. M., & Perissinotto, C. M. (2020, October 9). Social Isolation and Loneliness Among San Francisco Bay Area Older Adults During the COVID ‐19 Shelter‐in‐Place Orders. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16865
• Holt Lunstad, J. (2021). Isolation and Loneliness: Implications for Health and Well-Being of Older Populations. Innovation in Aging, 5, 169.
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2021, in press). Social Connection and Important Health Implications. Current Directions in Psychological Science.
• Holt-Lunstad, J. Layton, R., Barton, B. & Smith, T.B. (2021). Science into Practice: Informing Effective Solutions for Social Isolation and Loneliness. Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging.
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Layton, R., Barton, B., & Smith, TB. (2020). Science into Practice: Effective Solutions for Social Isolation and Loneliness. Generations Journal, 44(3), 1-10.
• Kotwal, A. Holt-Lunstad, J. Perissinotto, C. (2020). Social Isolation and Loneliness Among Older Adults During the COVID-19 Shelter-in-Place Orders. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2020). “Social Isolation And Health, ” Health Affairs Health Policy Brief, June 22, 2020.DOI: 10.1377/hpb20200622.253235
• Lim, M. H., Holt-Lunstad, J., & Badcock, J. C. (2020, June 11). Loneliness: contemporary insights into causes, correlates, and consequences. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(7), 789–791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01891-z
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2020). The double pandemic of social isolation and COVID-19: Cross-sector policy must address both. Health Affairs Blog, 22
• Mihalopoulos, C., Le, L. K.-D., Chatterton, M. L., Bucholc, J., Holt-Lunstad, J., Lim, M. H., & Engel, L. (2020). “The economic costs of loneliness: A review of cost-of-illness and economic evaluation studies”: Correction. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology: The International Journal for Research in Social and Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health Services, 55(7), 837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01752-4
• Troxel, W., & Fulton, J. H. L. (2020). Marriage and Health. Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1335–1338. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_815
• Romney, C., Hahn-Holbrook, J., Norman, G.J., Moore, A., & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2019). Where is the Love? A double-blind, randomized study of the effects of intranasal oxytocin on stress regulation and aggression. International Journal of Psychophysiology.
• Light, A. E., Holt-Lunstad, J., Porter, C.L., & Light, K.C. (2019). Early Life Trauma: An Exploratory Study of Effects on OXTR and NR3C1 Gene Expression and Nurturing Self-Efficacy in Mothers of Infants. International Journal of Psychophysiology, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.03.018
• Perissinotto, C., Holt-Lunstad, J., Periyakoil, V. S., & Covinsky, K. (2019). Reply to: Older People’s Loneliness in Clinical Work. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 67(10), 2212–2213. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16115
• Holt-Lunstad, J., & Uchino, B. N. (2019). Social Ambivalence and Disease (SAD): A Theoretical Model Aimed at Understanding the Health Implications of Ambivalent Relationships. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(6), 941–966. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619861392
• Perissinotto, C., Holt-Lunstad, J., & Covinsky, K. (2019). A practical approach to assessing and mitigating loneliness and Isolation in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatric Society.
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2018). Fostering Social Connection in The Workplace. American Journal of Health Promotion, 32(5), 1307-1312.
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2018). Relationships and Physical Health. In A. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships (Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology, pp. 449-464). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316417867.035
• Birmingham, W., & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2018). Social Aggravation: Understanding the complex role of social relationships on stress and health-relevant physiology. International Journal of Psychophysiology.
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2018). The potential public health relevance of Social Isolation and Loneliness: Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Risk Factors. Public Policy & Aging Report, 27(4) 127-130.
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2018). The Importance of Social Relationships for Physical Health: A Systems Approach to Understanding and Modifying Risk and Protection. Annual Review of Psychology, Vol 69.
• Beesley, S. J., Hopkins, R.O., Holt-Lunstad, J., Wilson, E., Butler, J., Kuttler, K.G., Orme, J., Brown, S.B., & Hirshberg, E. (2018). Acute Physiologic Stress and Subsequent Anxiety among Family Members of Intensive Care Unit Patients. Critical Care Medicine. 46 (2), 229.
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2018). Why social relationships are important for physical health: A systems approach to understanding and modifying risk and protection. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 437-458.
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2018). The potential public health relevance of social isolation and loneliness: Prevalence, epidemiology, and risk factors. Public Policy & Aging Report, 27(4), 127-130.
• Beesley, S. J., Hopkins, R. O., Holt-Lunstad, J., Wilson, E. L., Butler, J., Kuttler, K. G., … & Hirshberg, E. L. (2017). Acute physiologic stress and subsequent anxiety among family members of ICU patients. Critical Care Medicine. doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000002835.
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Robles, T. F., & Sbarra, D. A. (2017). Advancing social connection as a public health priority in the United States. American Psychologist, 72(6), 517.
• Braithwaite, S., & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2017). Romantic relationships and mental health. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 120-125.
• Troxel, W. M., Braithwaite, S. R., Sandberg, J. G., & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2017). Does improving marital quality improve sleep? Results from a marital therapy trial. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 15(4), 330-343. DOI:10.1080/15402002.2015.1133420
• Moore, A. K., Rasmussen, R., Sandberg, J., Holt-Lunstad, J., Carrell, D. T., Straseski, J., … Johnstone, E. B. (2016). Intensive lifestyle intervention including emotionally-focused couples therapy leads to more pregnancies and weight loss in obese infertile couples. Fertility and Sterility, 106(3, Supplement), e101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.293
• Jensen, B., Steffen, P. R., & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2016). Ethnic differences in relationship orientation, marital quality and ambulatory blood pressure. Ethnicity & Disease, 23(2), 175-181.
• Braithwaite, S. & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2016). Romantic Relationships and Mental Health. Current Opinion in Psychology.
• Troxel, W., Braithwaite, S., Sandberg, J. & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2016). Does Improving Marital Quality Improve Sleep? Results from a Marital Therapy Trial. Behavioral Sleep Medicine. DOI:10.1080/15402002.2015.1133420
• Holt-Lunstad, J. & Smith, T.B. (2016). Loneliness and Social Isolation: Risk factors for CHD and Stroke. Heart: British Medical Journal. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-309242
• Novak, J. R., Sandberg, J. G., Stucki, B., Young, S. Brown, A. P. Schade, L. C. & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2016). A Contextual Analysis of High and Low Fidelity Sessions in Emotion Focused Couples Therapy. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy.15, 36-60. DOI: 10.1080/15332691.2014.962209
• Holt-Lunstad, J., *Birmingham, W., & Light, K. (2015). Relationship Support or Distress and Oxytocin: The Influence of Relatively Stable and Modifiable Aspects of Social Relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1-19, DOI: 10.1177/0265407514536294
• Sandberg, J. G., Brown, A. P., Schade, L. C., Novak, J. R., Denton, W. H., & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2015).Measuring fidelity in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFT): A pilot test of the EFT Therapist Fidelity Scale. American Journal Of Family Therapy, 43(3), 251-268. doi:10.1080/01926187.2015.1034637
• Holt-Lunstad, J, Smith, T.B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & *Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10 (2), 227-237. doi: 10.1177/1745691614568352
• *Hahn-Holbrook, J., Holbrook, C. & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2015). Self-reported Spirituality Correlates with Endogenous Oxytocin. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7 (1) 46-50. doi:10.1037/a0038255
• Holt-Lunstad, J., & *Clark, B.D. (2014). Social stressors and cardiovascular response: Influence of ambivalent relationships and behavioral ambivalence. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 93(3), 381-389. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.05.014
• Logan, D.M., Hill, K.R., Jones, R., Holt-Lunstad, J., & Larson, M.J. (2014). How do memory and attention change with pregnancy and childbirth? A controlled longitudinal examination of neuropsychological functioning in pregnant and postpartum women. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36, 528-539.
• Schade, L.C., Sandberg, J.G., Bradford, A., Harper, J.M., Holt-Lunstad, J., Miller, R. B. (2014). A Longitudinal View of the Association Between Therapist Warmth and Couples’ In-Session Process: An Observational Pilot Study of Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy (JMFT). DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12076
• Jenson, B, Steffen, P., & Holt-Lunstad, J (2013). Ethnic Differences in Relationship Orientation, Marital Quality and Ambulatory Blood Pressure. Ethnicity and Disease, 23, 175-181.
• Holt-Lunstad J. (2013). Social Integration, Social Networks and Health, Stress. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (2nd Edition). Elsevier
• Holt-Lunstad, J. & Uchino, B.N. (2013). Social Support and Health. In Health Behavior: Theory, Research and Practice (5th Edition). Jossey-Bass Publishers, a Company of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2012). Social Support and Longevity: A Review. Social and Personality COMPASS, 6, 41-53, DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00406.x
• Troxel, W. & Holt-Lunstad J. (2012). Marriage and Health. Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine
• Holt-Lunstad, J., *Birmingham, W., & Light, K. (2011). The influence of Depression, stress, and a support enhancement intervention on ambulatory blood pressure, oxytocin, alpha amylase and cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 1249-1256. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.007
• Hahn-Holbrook, J., Holt-Lunstad, J., Holbrook, C., Coyne, S.M., & Lawson, E.T. (2011). Maternal Defense: Breastfeeding, diminished stress and heightened Aggression. Psychological Science. 22(10) 1288-1295. DOI: 10.1177/0956797611420729
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Steffen, P., Sandberg, J., *Jensen, B. (2011). Understanding the connection between Spiritual Well-Being and Physical Health: An examination of Ambulatory Blood Pressure, Inflammation, and Cholesterol. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 34 477-488. Special Issue: “Spirituality in Behavioral Medicine Research”. DOI: 10.1007/s10865-011-9343-7
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T.B., *Layton, B. (2010). Social Relationships and Mortality: A meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine 7(7): e1000316. doi:10.1371. The PLoS Medicine Editors (2010) Social Relationships Are Key to Health, and to Health Policy. PLoS Med 7(8): e1000334. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000334
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Birmingham, W., Howard, A. & Thoman, D. (2010). Married with children: The influence of parental status and gender on ambulatory blood pressure. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 38(3)170-179.
• Bushman, B.B. & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2009). Understanding social relationship maintenance among friends: Why we don’t end those frustrating friendships. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 749-778.
• Campo. R., Uchino, B.N., Vaughn, A., Reblin, M., Smith, T.W.,& Holt-Lunstad, J. (2009). The Assessment of Positivity and Negativity in Social Support Networks: Reliability and Validity of the Social Relationships Index. Journal of Community Psychology, 37, 471-486.
• Holt-Lunstad, J. Birmingham, W., Jones, B. (2009). The influence of close relationships on nocturnal blood pressure dipping. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 71, 211-217.
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2009). Social Relationships and Physical Health: Are we better or worse off because of our relationships? In (Eds. Emma Cuyler and Michael Ackhart), Psychology of Relationships. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
• Uchino, B.N., Ruiz, J.M., & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2009). Stress. In D. Sanders & K.R. Scherer (Eds.), Oxford Companion to Affective Sciences. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Holt-Lunstad, J., *Birmingham, W.A., & Light, K.L. (2008). The influence of a “warm touch” support enhancement intervention among married couples on ambulatory blood pressure, oxytocin, alpha amylase and cortisol. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 976-85.
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T.W. & Uchino, B.N., (2008). Can hostility interfere with the health benefits of social support? The impact of cynical hostility on cardiovascular reactivity during social support interactions among friends. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 319-330.
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Birmingham, W., & Jones, B.Q. (2008). Is there something unique about marriage? The relative impact of marital status, relationship quality, and network support on ambulatory blood pressure and mental health. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 239-244.
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Uchino, B. N., Smith, T. W. & Hicks, A. (2007). On the importance of relationship quality: The impact of ambivalence in friendships on cardiovascular functioning. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 1-12.
• Holt-Lunstad, J., & Steffen, P. (2007). Diurnal variation in salivary cortisol is associated with ambulatory blood pressure dipping. Psychosomatic Medicine 69, 339-43.
• Smith, J.L., *Kausar, R., & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2007). Stigma consciousness in the class room: A comparison of Pakistani women’s motivation and well-being in non-science fields of study. Sex Roles, 57, 3-13.
• Uchino, B. N., Smith, T.W., Holt-Lunstad, J., Campo, R., & Reblin, M. (2007). Stress and Illness. Eds. R.J. Davidson, G.G. Berntson, E. Sternberg, J. T. Caccioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & H. Nusbaum. Handbook of Psychophysiology 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press.
• Uchino, B.N., Holt-Lunstad, J., Uno, D., Campo, R., & Reblin, M. (2007). The social neuroscience of relationships: An examination of health relevant pathways. In E. Harmon-Jones & P. Winkielman (Eds.), Fundamentals of Social Neuroscience. New York: Guilford.
• Uchino, B. N., Holt-Lunstad, J., Bloor, L. & Campo, R. (2005). Aging and Cardiovascular Reactivity to Stress: Longitudinal Evidence for Changes in Stress Reactivity. Psychology and Aging, 20, 134-143.
• Uchino, B. N., Holt-Lunstad, J., Bloor, L. & Campo, R. (2005). Aging and Cardiovascular Reactivity to Stress: Longitudinal Evidence for Changes in Stress Reactivity. Psychology and Aging, 20, 134-143.Uchino, B. N., Holt-Lunstad, J., Bloor, L. & Campo, R. (2005). Aging and Cardiovascular Reactivity to Stress: Longitudinal Evidence for Changes in Stress Reactivity. Psychology and Aging, 20, 134-143.
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Uchino, B. N., Smith, T. W., Cerny, C.B., & Nealey-Moore, J. B. (2003). Social relationships and ambulatory blood pressure: Structural and qualitative predictors of cardiovascular function during everyday social interactions. Health Psychology, 22, 388-397.
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Clayton, C. J., & Uchino, B.N. (2001). Gender differences in cardiovascular reactivity to competitive stress. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 8, 91-102.
• Uchino, B. N., Holt-Lunstad, J., Uno, D., & Flinders, J. B. (2001). Heterogeneity in the social networks of young and older adults: Prediction of mental health and cardiovascular reactivity during acute stress. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 24, 361-382.
• Uchino, B. N., Berntson, G., Holt-Lunstad, J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Stress induced autonomic and immunologic reactivity. Eds R. Ader, D. L. Elton, and N. Cohen. Psychoneuroimmunology. New York Academic Press.
• Uchino, B.N., Holt-Lunstad, J., Uno, D., Betancourt, R., & Garvey, T. (1999). Social support and age-related differences in cardiovascular function: An examination of potential mediators. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 135-142.
• Uchino, B. N., Uno, D., & Holt-Lunstad, J. (1999). Social Support, Physiological Processes, and Health. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 8, 145-148.
• Uchino, B. N., Uno, D., Holt-Lunstad, J., & Flinders, J. B. (1999). Age-related differences in cardiovascular reactivity during acute psychological stress in men and women. Journal of Gerontology, 54, 339-346.